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Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society
The Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society (HEAS) was a late 19th-century American charitable organization. It is distinct from the later Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, but was involved in some of the same areas of charitable work.〔Lawrence J. Epstein, ''At the Edge of a Dream: The Story of Jewish Immigrants on New York's Lower East Side, 1880-1920'' (2007), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0787986224. p. 40. Quote: "HEAS Agents were notorious in their mistreatment of immigrants at Castle Garden. The group—not to be confused with HIAS, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society—ceased functioning in 1884. The work of HEAS was taken over by United Hebrew Charities…"〕
HEAS was founded in New York City on November 27, 1881, and operated until 1884. Its work was then taken over by United Hebrew Charities.〔〔"Aid for Hebrew Emigrants", ''The New York Times'', Nov. 28, 1881, p. 8. Mentions founding date of HEAS.〕 The organization ran shelters for recent Jewish immigrants at Castle Garden, New York's immigration center at the Battery prior to the 1892 opening of the facility at Ellis Island; Wards Island near the meeting point of Manhattan, The Bronx and Queens; and Greenpoint in Brooklyn.〔Hadassa Kosak, ''Cultures of Opposition: Jewish Immigrant Workers, New York City, 1881-1905'' (2000), SUNY Press SUNY series in American Labor History, ISBN 0791445836. p. 49-50.〕 The organization favored limits on immigration.〔Richard F. Shepard, Vicki Gold Levi, ''Live & be Well: A Celebration of Yiddish Culture in America from the First Immigrants to the Second World War'' (2000), Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813528127. p.79.〕
Founded by German Jewish Americans, HEAS has been widely criticized for its high-handedness toward the Eastern European Jewish immigrants arriving in this period. For example, Richard F. Shepard and Vicki Gold Levi, writing in 2000, called the organization, "Probably the least admirable of the multitude of charities established by uptown German Jews for their immigrant brethren…," operating "imperiously" and never consulting with the recent immigrants it was ostensibly intended to help.〔〔Hadassa Kosak in ''Cultures of Opposition'', in an extended critique, remarks (p. 50) on the meagerness of the meals in the shelters, writes that the shelters were recruiting points for scab labor, refers to immigrants "held… virtually as prisoners," and compares the treatment in the shelter to that of slaves in the American South and to "czarist oppression" (p. 51).〕
Among HEAS's most famous volunteers was poet Emma Lazarus, best known for her 1883 sonnet "The New Colossus", now inscribed on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty〔Watts, Emily Stipes. ''The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945''. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977: 123. ISBN 0-292-76450-2. Citation for "The New Colossus".〕 Lazarus volunteered in the HEAS employment bureau; she eventually became a strong critic of the organization. Lazarus wrote of HEAS's Schiff Shelter on Wards Island, "Not a drop of running water is to be found in the dormitories or refectories, or in any of the other buildings, except the kitchen. In all weathers, those who wish to wash their hands or to fetch or to fetch a cup of water, have to walk over several hundred feet of irregular, dirty ground, strewn with rubble and refuse, and filled, after a rainfall, with stagnant pools of muddy water in which throngs of idle children are allowed to dabble at will… Not a single practical step has been taken to provide tuition…"〔Esther Schor, ''Emma Lazarus'' (2008), Random House (Jewish Encounters series), ISBN 0805242759. p. 148 ''et. seq.''; quotation from Lazarus is on p. 149-150.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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